FAQs About the word stripped

脱离

having only essential or minimal features, having everything extraneous removed including contents, with clothing stripped off

裸露的,暴露的,打开,剥皮,揭开,秃头,展示,揭露的,脱下衣服,剥离

覆盖的,披着外衣的,过大,覆盖,有胡子的,毛茸茸的,蔓延

strip-mined => 带状开采的, stripling => 小伙子, striping => 条带, stripes => 条纹, striped violet => 条纹紫罗兰,