FAQs About the word stripped-down

简化的

having only essential or minimal features

傻瓜化,过于简单化,修剪,精制,修剪过的,精制,简化,简化的

复杂的,复杂,困惑,老练,复数化,详细

stripped => 脱离, strip-mined => 带状开采的, stripling => 小伙子, striping => 条带, stripes => 条纹,